A Bitter Education
A Bitter Education Pankaj Mishra In its quiescence to the West’s war on Iran, India is squandering a precious legacy. April 9, 2026 issue Aga Khan Museum, Toronto Abbas II of Persia receiving the Mughal ambassador; painting attributed to Abu’l-Hasan Mostawfi Ghaffari, circa 1780–1794 This article was originally published online March 13, 2026. —The Editors Jawaharlal Nehru wrote in The Discovery of India that “among the many people and races who have come in contact with Indians and influenced India’s life and culture, the oldest and most persistent have been the Iranians.” It is the kind of historical fact readily verified by ordinary experience. My grandfather was more fluent in Persian than in any other language; I grew up using Persian words in everyday conversations, eating food that originated in Persia, and listening to music whose most widespread and enduring forms— qawwali and the ghazal —were refined by a medieval poet in Persian. For nearly a millennium, Persian was the li...